Aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos e imagenológicos de pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida y diagnóstico de neurotoxoplasmosis / Clinical epidemiological and imaging aspects of patients with human immunodeficiency virus/aids and diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis i: en

Introducción: El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida es el estadio final de una enfermedad crónica, transmisible y progresiva de causa viral. La neurotoxoplasmosis es la infección oportunista más frecuente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con neurotoxoplasmosis secundaria al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida según variables epidemiológicas, clínicas e imagenológicas. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 18 pacientes con sida, quienes recibieron diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico de neurotoxoplasmosis, caracterizados según hallazgos en la resonancia magnética por imágenes antes y después del tratamiento, desde enero de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2019. Resultados: En la investigación primaron el sexo masculino, las edades de 34 o menos años (66,7 %) y las manifestaciones clínicas de fiebre (100,0 %) y cefalea (88,9 %). La localización más habitual de las lesiones fue en la unión cortico-subcortical (66,1 %). Resultaron más frecuentes las imágenes hipointensas en T1 y en recuperación de la inversión atenuada de fluido y las imágenes hiperintensas en T2; se destacaron las lesiones múltiples (66,7 %), de pequeño tamaño (50,0 %) y los contornos irregulares (88,9 %). Antes del tratamiento tuvieron mayor frecuencia el realce de tipo anular (72,2 %) y el edema vasogénico de grado 2 (50,0 %); después de este, 55,6 % de los afectados presentaron calcificaciones y 72,2 % hemorragia intralesional. Se evidenció que 77,8 % tuvieron mejoría con respecto al edema cerebral. Conclusiones: La resonancia magnética por imágenes permitió caracterizar a los pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida y toxoplasmosis cerebral, así como evaluar la respuesta terapéutica a través de las modificaciones en los hallazgos imagenológicos.

Introduction: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is the final stage of a chronic, communicable and progressive disease of viral cause. The neurotoxoplasmosis is the most frequent opportunist infection in immunodepressed patients. Objective: To characterize patients with secondary neurotoxoplasmosis to human immunodeficiency virus/aids according to epidemiological, clinical and imaging variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 18 patients with AIDS was carried out, who received clinical and microbiological diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis, characterized according to findings in the magnetic resonance by images before and after the treatment, from January, 2017 to December, 2019. Results: In the investigation there was a prevalence of the male sex, the ages of 34 or less years (66.7 %) and the clinical signs of fever (100.0 %) and headache (88.9 %). The most common localization of the lesions was in the cortico-subcortical juntion (66.1 %). The hypointense images in T1 and fluid attenuated inversion recovery and hyperintense images in T2 were the most frequent; the multiple lesions (66.7 %) of small size (50.0 %) and irregular contours (88.9 %) were notable. Before the treatment the enhance of anular type had more frequency (72.2 %) and grade 2 vasogenic edema (50.0 %); after this, 55.6 % of those affected persons presented calcifications and 72.2 % intralesional hemorrhages. It was evidenced that 77.8 % had improvement respect the cerebral edema. Conclusions: The magnetic resonance by images allowed to characterize the patients with human immunodeficiency virus/aids and cerebral toxoplasmosis, as well as to evaluate the therapeutic response through the modifications in the imaging findings.

Neurotoxoplasmosis con presentación imagenológica atípica / Atypical imaging presentation of neurotoxoplasmosis

La toxoplasmosis cerebral o neurotoxoplasmosis es una de las infecciones por agentes oportunistas más frecuentes en pacientes infectados por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y se relaciona con inmunodeficiencia severa. En estos pacientes causa lesiones neurológicas de alto grado e incluso la muerte. Suele aparecer como múltiples focos de lesión de predominio gangliobasal y con realce anular. Se presenta un caso clínico de neurotoxoplasmosis en paciente VIH con un patrón radiológico poco frecuente.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis or neurotoxoplasmosis is one of the most frequent infections by opportunistic agents in HIV-infected patients and is associated with severe immunodeficiency. In these patients, it causes high-grade neurological lesions and even death. It usually appears as multiple foci of lesions with gangliobasal predominance and annular enhancement. We present a clinical case of neurotoxoplasmosis in a HIV patient with an unusual radiological pattern.

La clínica en el diagnóstico de la neurotoxoplasmosis / Clinic in the diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis

RESUMEN La toxoplasmosis cerebral o neurotoxoplasmosis es una de las infecciones oportunistas más frecuentes en los pacientes positivos al VIH. Se produce aproximadamente en el 10 % de los pacientes con sida no tratados. La localización de la infección, causada por el parásito Toxoplasma gondii, indica inmunodeficiencia severa, con linfocitos T CD4+ menor a 100 cel/mm3. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la evolución clínica e imagenológica de un paciente con diagnóstico de neurotoxoplasmosis, atendido en el Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos J. Finlay: hombre de 33 años, con síntomas neurológicos focales, sin factor de riesgo vascular, con estudios de imagen sugestiva de proceso expansivo intracraneal. Durante su ingreso se recibe el resultado de positivo al VIH y se interpreta como una neurotoxoplasmosis. Se empleó tratamiento antiparasitario con mejoría del trastorno neurológico y de las neuroimágenes. Ante un paciente con VIH y síntomas neurológicos focales se debe pensar en una neurotoxoplasmosis. La respuesta al tratamiento en el caso estudiado confirmó el diagnóstico (AU).

ABSTRACT Cerebral toxoplasmosis or neurotoxoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients. It occurs in approximately 10 % of untreated AIDS patients. The location of the infection, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, indicates severe immunodeficiency, with CD4+ T lymphocytes less than 100 cell/mm3. The objective of this work was to describe the clinical and imaging evolution of a patient with diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis, attended at the Military Hospital Dr. Carlos J. Finlay: 33-year-old man, with focal neurological symptoms, without vascular risk factor, with studies of suggestive imaging of intracranial expansive process. During admission, the HIV positive result is received and interpreted as a neurotoxoplasmosis. Antiparasitic treatment was used with improvement of neurological disorder and neuroimagens. In the case of a patient with HIV and focal neurological symptoms doctors should think about neurotoxoplasmosis. The response to treatment in the case studied confirmed the diagnosis (AU).

Cerebral toxoplasmosis and alcohol abuse in AIDS: dementia with multiple etiologies / Neurotoxoplasmose e abuso de álcool em aids: demência com múltiplas etiologias

ABSTRACT Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies, or dementia due to multiple etiologies (DME), is a term coined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to refer to complex cases when multiple pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Bodies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), vascular-related brain damage or frontotemporal lobar degeneration, are identified as contributing to neurocognitive impairment and/or behavioral alterations, based on patient's neuroimaging tests, laboratorial exams, associated symptomatology and medical history. In this study, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient who presented with parkinsonism symptoms, aphasia and cognitive impairment on multiple domains after cerebral toxoplasmosis related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, vascular damage and a history of alcohol abuse. We discuss the neurocognitive and neurobehavioral variables that characterized this diagnosis, as well as the importance of the differential diagnosis of DME on the field of neuropsychology of aging and, especially, for individuals living with HIV infection.

RESUMO Transtorno neurocognitivo maior devido a múltiplas etiologias, ou demência por múltiplas etiologias (DME), é um termo estabelecido pelo Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais para se referir a casos complexos em que múltiplas patologias, como a Doença de Alzheimer, Corpos de Lewy, o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), danos de origem vascular ou a degeneração lobar frontotemporal, são identificados como contribuintes para o comprometimento neurocognitivo e/ou para alterações comportamentais, com base em testes de neuroimagem do paciente, exames laboratoriais, sintomatologia associada e histórico médico. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 63 anos que apresentou sintomas de parkinsonismo, afasia e comprometimento cognitivo em múltiplos domínios após neurotoxoplasmose relacionada à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, dano vascular e histórico de abuso de álcool. Foram discutidas as variáveis neurocognitivas e neurocomportamentais que caracterizaram esse diagnóstico, assim como a importância do diagnóstico diferencial de DME para a neuropsicologia do envelhecimento e, especialmente, para indivíduos portadores do HIV.

Expressão gênica de miRNA na toxoplasmose cerebral / Gene expression of miRNA in cerebral toxoplasmosis

A toxoplasmose constitui um sério problema de saúde pública, principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos, como os portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Apesar do acesso universal e gratuito à terapia antirretroviral (TARV) e a diminuição dos casos, a toxoplasmose cerebral ainda é responsável por alta morbidade e mortalidade, além de representar um determinante de mau prognóstico nesses pacientes. Os miRNAs são moléculas que exercem um importante papel na regulação da expressão gênica em células eucariontes. Sendo assim, há muito potencial para serem utilizados para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e intervenções terapêuticas. Diante disso, este estudo avaliou os níveis de expressão dos miRNAs miR-146a, miR-21, miR-155, miR-125b e miR-29c em plasma de pacientes com toxoplasmose cerebral e aids (TC/aids). Foram analisadas 79 amostras de plasma divididas em três grupos: grupo I- 32 amostras de plasma de pacientes TC/aids; grupo II- 27 amostras de plasma de indivíduos assintomáticos e soropositivos para toxoplasmose (TA) e grupo III- 20 amostras de indivíduos soronegativos para toxoplasmose (CN). Após a extração de RNA total contendo miRNA foi realizada a síntese do DNA complementar e em seguida o perfil de expressão de cada miRNA foi determinado por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Os resultados foram expressos em quantificação relativa e mostraram que o miR-146a e o miR-21 foram significativamente mais expressos nos pacientes com toxoplasmose cerebral e aids quando comparados com os indivíduos assintomáticos e soropositivos para toxoplasmose.

Toxoplasmosis is an important public health problem, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite free universal access to antiretroviral therapy (HAART), cerebral toxoplasmosis is still responsible for high morbidity, mortality and a determinant of worst prognosis. MicroRNAs are molecules that play an important role in gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, these molecules have the potential to be used for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic. This study evaluated the miRNA expression levels of miR-146a, miR-21, miR-155, miR125b and miR-29c in plasma of patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis/aids (TC/AIDS). A total of 79 plasma samples were divided into three groups. Group I: 32 plasma samples from TC/aids patients. Group II: 27 plasma samples from individuals with asymptomatic toxoplasmosis, seropositives for toxopalsmosis (TA). Group III: 20 plasma samples from seronegative individuals for toxoplasmosis (CN). After extraction of total RNA, containing miRNA, a complementary DNA synthesis was performed and, then, the expression profile of each target miRNA, which was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results expressed as relative quantification (RQ) showed that miR-146a and miR-21 were significantly up-expressed in TC/AIDS patients, when compared with TA individuals. Analyzes of miR-155, miR-125b and miR-29c showed that no statistically significant differences were shown between TC/AIDS and TA groups. These results suggest the host miRNAs modulation by T. gondii

Fotopsias como manifestación inicial de Sida secundario a toxoplasmosis cerebral: reporte de caso / Photopsias as an initial manifestation of AIDS secondary to cerebral toxoplasmosis: case report

RESUMEN La toxoplasmosis cerebral es la infección oportunista más frecuente del sistema nervioso central (SNC) del paciente infectado por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Se considera un problema de salud pública por las secuelas físicas y neurosicológicas que genera. Se presenta con una sintomatología muy variable que puede ir desde cefalea, pasar por la fiebre y emesis, hasta las convulsiones y los cambios de comportamiento. No se encontró en la literatura mundial ningún reporte de caso donde se hiciera un diagnóstico de novo de VIH por fotopsias como primera manifestación de toxoplasmosis cerebral. A continuación, se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino, de 39 años, quien consultó por cuadro clínico de dos meses de evolución, constituido por fotopsias en ambos ojos acompañado de cefalea hemicráneana izquierda, sin más síntomas acompañantes. El examen oftalmológico no tuvo hallazgos patológicos, por lo cual se solicitó una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) simple y contrastado de órbitas y cerebro, por el resultado se realizó una impresión diagnóstica de toxoplasmosis cerebral que fue la presentación inicial de su VIH subyacente.

SUMMARY Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most frequent opportunistic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is considered a public health problem due to the physical and neurosychological sequels that it generates. It presents with a very variable symptomatology that can be from headache, fever and emesis until convulsions and behavior changes. No case report was found in the world literature where it was new diagnosed of HIV by photopsies as the first manifestation of cerebral toxoplasmosis. The case of a 39-year-old male patient was present. He presented with 2-month clinical course consisting of photopsies in both eyes, accompanied by left hemicranial headache. No more accompanying symptoms. The ophthalmologic examination was without pathological findings, for which simple and contrasted computed axial tomography of orbits and brain was requested where as a result a diagnostic impression of cerebral toxoplasmosis was made wich was the initial presentation of his underlying HIV.

Toxoplasmosis cerebral en paciente VIH / Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV patient

The epidemic associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the main health problems in the world, about one million people died as a result of infection related to it; according to the statistical data of 2016 the number of infected persons was 36,7 million, 34,5 million were adults and 2,1 million children (under 15 years), it was calculated for 2016 that there were about 1,8 million of new HIV infections.Toxoplasma encephalitis (ET) is a zoonosis of global distribution is one of the most frequent opportunistic diseases in patients with immunosuppression by HIV. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan, which infects the human being through the intake of raw or undercooked meat. The following is the report of a case of a 25-year-old patient with a recent diagnosis of HIV infection, who went to the emergency room for generalized headache of moderate intensity, which did not yield to the administration of medications, was accompanied by drowsiness, paresthesia of the tongue and left hemicara.

The epidemic associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the main health problems in the world, about one million people died as a result of infection related to it; according to the statistical data of 2016 the number of infected persons was 36,7 million, 34,5 million were adults and 2,1 million children (under 15 years), it was calculated for 2016 that there were about 1,8 million of new HIV infections.Toxoplasma encephalitis (ET) is a zoonosis of global distribution is one of the most frequent opportunistic diseases in patients with immunosuppression by HIV. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan, which infects the human being through the intake of raw or undercooked meat. The following is the report of a case of a 25-year-old patient with a recent diagnosis of HIV infection, who went to the emergency room for generalized headache of moderate intensity, which did not yield to the administration of medications, was accompanied by drowsiness, paresthesia of the tongue and left hemicara

Toxoplasmosis cerebral congénita e infección por el virus del Zika y del chikunguña: reporte de un caso / Congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis, Zika and chikungunya virus infections: A case report

Resumen En este artículo se describe el caso clínico de una mujer colombiana del sur del país con diagnóstico de infección intrauterina por Toxoplasma gondii y por los virus del chikungunya y del Zika. La mujer acudió al control prenatal en el segundo trimestre de su embarazo e informó que durante el primer trimestre había presentado síntomas indicativos de infección por el virus del Zika. Mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en líquido amniótico, se demostró infección por Toxoplasma gondii así como por los virus del chikungunya y del Zika. En las imágenes diagnósticas se observaron malformaciones del sistema nervioso central en el feto. A las 29 semanas de gestación se dio por terminado el embarazo mediante procedimiento médico.

Abstract We report a case of intrauterine infection by Toxoplasma gondii, Chikungunya and Zika viruses in a Colombian woman from the southern part of the country. The patient attended prenatal care in the second trimester of her pregnancy and she informed that in the first trimester she had presented with clinical symptoms compatible with Zika virus infection. Amniotic fluid PCR assays showed infection by T. gondii, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Diagnostic imaging showed fetal malformation of the central nervous system. At 29 weeks of gestation, pregnancy was terminated medically.

Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a patient with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Extracerebral toxoplasmosis, with pulmonary involvement and shock, is a rare form of toxoplasmosis in patients with advanced AIDS. It can mimic pneumocystosis, histoplasmosis, and disseminated tuberculosis, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of respiratory failure and fulminant disease in this group of individuals, especially in areas where the Toxoplasma gondii infection is highly prevalent and in those without proper use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. We report the case of a 46-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with uremia, requiring urgent dialysis. During the laboratorial investigation, the patient had confirmed HIV infection, with a low CD4+ peripheral T-cell count (74 cells/µL). During hospitalization, the patient presented drug-induced hepatitis due to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in a prophylactic dose, requiring interruption of this medication. On the 55th day of hospitalization, the patient developed refractory shock and died. At the autopsy, disseminated toxoplasmosis with encephalitis and severe necrotizing pneumonia were diagnosed, with numerous tachyzoites in the areas of pulmonary necrosis.

Neurotoxoplasmose em pacientes imunocomprometidos e a relevância do diagnóstico por imagem / Neurotoxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and the relevance of image diagnosis

Introdução: a toxoplasmose é causada por um protozoário intracelular obrigatório, o Toxoplasma gondii. Felídeos, como gatos domésticos, são hospedeiros definitivos enquanto o homem é hospedeiro intermediário. Normalmente a infecção por T. gondii é assintomática e benigna, mas em indivíduos imunocomprometidos como portadores da AIDS, pode ocorrer reativação da doença crônica. Como o HIV apresenta neurotropismo, a neurotoxoplasmose é a causa predominante de distúrbios neurológicos nesses pacientes. As manifestações clínicas, principalmente os achados em exames de imagem específicos como a tomografia e a ressonância magnética do crânio, constituem a melhor forma de diagnóstico. Objetivo: neste contexto, analisou-se neste estudo a relevância do diagnóstico por imagem na neurotoxoplasmose em pacientes HIV positivos. Método: foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica em bases de dados como: Bireme, Scielo, Medline, Google Acadêmico e Pudmed para os seguintes descritores: Diagnóstico por imagem, Neurotoxoplasmose, Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS, Ressonância Magnética e Tomografia Computadorizada. Foram incluídos na seleção artigos, teses, dissertações, atlas, livros, sites e guias em Português e em Inglês, publicados entre os anos de 1977 a 2015. Resultados e discussão: observou-se que dentre os exames de imagem mais utilizados, destacam-se a tomografia computadorizada (TC) com meio de contraste e a ressonância magnética (RM) de encéfalo, que costumam evidenciar múltiplas lesões com hipossinal, com reforço do contraste, envolvendo gânglios da base e córtex cerebral. Conclusão: o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas e critérios de diagnóstico é imprescindível para a exclusão de outras doenças do SNC, principalmente o linfoma e leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva, que podem ser confundidas nas imagens, principalmente no caso de lesão única.

Introduction: toxoplasmosis is caused by a mandatory intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. Domestic cats are definitive hosts while humans are intermediate. Usually T. gondii infection is asymptomatic and benign, but in immunocompromised individuals as AIDS patients, reactivation of chronic disease may occur. As HIV presents neurotropism, neurotoxoplasmosis is the predominant cause of neurological disorders in these patients. The clinical manifestations, especially the ones found in specific image exams such as tomography and magnetic resonance of the skull are the best form of diagnosis. Objective: in this context, it was analyzed the relevance of image diagnosis in the neurotoxoplasmosis in HIVpositive patients. Methods: it was made a systematic review of the scientific literature in databases such as: Bireme, Scielo, Medline, Google Scholar and Pudmed, for the following descriptors: Image Diagnosis, Neurotoxoplasmosis, AIDS Serodiagnostic, Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography. It was included in the selection: articles, theses, dissertations, atlases, books, websites and guides in Portuguese and English, published between 1977 and 2015. Results and discussion: it was observed that among the most commonly used image exams, Computed tomography (CT) was highlighted with contrast medium and magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the encephalon, which usually show multiple hypersignal lesions with contrast medium enhancement, involving basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Conclusion: the development of new techniques and diagnostic criteria is essential for the exclusion of other CNS diseases, especially lymphoma and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which can be misunderstood in the images, especially in the case of a single lesion.

Coinfección SIDA / Enfermedad de Chagas. Presentación de caso y revisión de la bibliografía / 9 CO-INFECTION AIDS / CHAGA'S DISEASE. REPORT OF A CASE AND LITERATURE REVISION

Chagas' disease caused by "Trypanosoma cruzi" (T. cruzi), is well recognized as an opportunistic infection in the setting of HIV / AIDS. More patients with Chagas' disease, live in countries of Central and South America, That's why, it is also called "American Trypanosomiasis ". T. cruzi is mainly transmitted by vectors ("Triatoma infestans" in Argentina) specially in the "endemic american area" and secondarily, by blood transfusion, not only in America, but also in the rest of the world. Many people have migrated from the endemic area of America to others countries around the world. Perhaps, some of them were asyntomatic "chagasic" patients and may have transmitted T. cruzi by blood transfusions in those non-endemic areas.. So that, Chagas' disease should be considered nowadays, as a "global pathology". In severely inmunocompromissed patients with AIDS, chronic Chagas' disease may have reactivated, affecting central nervous system (CNS) with brain mass lesions (called "chagomas"), similar to others necrotizing encephalitis like Toxoplasmosis.. We report a 32 year-old woman assisted in the Rawson Hospital of Córdoba City (Argentina), with AIDS and reactivation of Chagas' disease. Patient coming from Catamarca (north-western region of Argentina) with severe headache, unisocoria, desorientation in time and space, fine tremor, nistagmus, clonus, hiperreflexia and fascial-braquial-crural hemiparesia. Patient was afebrile and the rest of physical examination was normal. She had low count of CD4 cells and high HIV-viral load. Magnetic resonance imagin (MRI) showed: several enhanced rounded lesions surrounded by edema along the whole brain. Treatment with sulfadiacina + Pyrimethamine and Dexametasone, for a presuntive cerebral toxoplasmosis was implemented but, patient did not improve. So, cerebral biopsie was performed and it showed: intra and extracellular " AMASTIGOTES" of T. cruzi..Treatment with Benznidazol was prescribed, but in a few days, patient died.

Neurotoxoplasmosis como complicación neurológica de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Neurotoxoplasmosis as A Neurological Complication of Infection by The Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Las complicaciones neurológicas de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana pueden afectar cualquier porción del neuroeje. Estas se dividen en dos grandes grupos: las que son consecuencia de la infección por el VIH y las que son de naturaleza secundaria y se producen, sobre todo, como resultado de la inmunodepresión asociada. Entre las complicaciones neurológicas más frecuentes que se producen como consecuencia secundaria de dicha infección se encuentra la toxoplasmosis del sistema nervioso central. Se presenta un paciente VIH positivo que tuvo un cuadro clínico repentino dado por pérdida de conciencia seguida de convulsión tónico-clónica generalizada y posteriormente fiebre de 38 °C acompañada de cefalea intensa retroocular opresiva, así como confusión fluctuante y hemiparesia izquierda. Se confirmó el diagnóstico de neurotoxoplasmosis, con respuesta favorable al tratamiento y resolución de la enfermedad(AU)

Neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection can affect any portion of the neuroaxis. These are divided into two large groups: those that are a consequence of HIV infection and those that are secondary in nature and that occur, mainly, as a result of the associated immunosuppression. Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system is among the most frequent neurological complications that occur as a secondary consequence of this infection. The case of an HIV positive patient who had a sudden clinical picture due to loss of consciousness followed by generalized tonic-clonic seizure and subsequently a 38 °C fever accompanied by severe oppressive retroocular headache, as well as fluctuating confusion and left hemiparesis. Neurotoxoplasmosis diagnosis was confirmed, with a favorable response to the treatment and resolution of the disease(AU)

No todo es Zika: toxoplasmosis congénita, ¿aún prevalente en Colombia? / Not everything is Zika: congenital toxoplasmosis, still prevalent in Colombia?

RESUMEN La toxoplasmosis congénita continúa siendo un problema de salud pública. Aun existiendo guías plenamente divulgadas y conocidas, se observa poca implementación de las mismas y falta de adecuada interpretación de pruebas serológicas en gestantes Esto puede generar falta de captación y tratamiento en embarazadas con primoinfección por Toxoplasma gondii. Reportamos una serie de casos, con compromiso neurológico y sistémico (dificultad respiratoria, hepatoesplenomegalia, enterocolitis, calcificaciones cerebrales, trombocitopenia, corioretinis, ascitis, choque). Si bien el virus de Zika causó epidemia en 2015-2016 en Brasil, Colombia y otros países, toxoplasmosis es un diagnóstico diferencial aún prevalente en estos países, con secuelas graves, discapacidad neurológica y riesgo de daño ocular, incluso tardío. Adicionalmente, existen algunas variedades de cepas de T. gondii con comportamiento más agresivo en Latinoamérica, lo cual empeora la presentación de los casos, incluyendo además mayor riesgo de muerte.

ABSTRACT Congenital toxoplasmosis continues to be a public health threat. Even existing guidelines, publicly known, its implementation and lack of appropriate interpretation of serological tests in pregnancy is often observed. This leds to failure in opportunities for positive and known interventions to decrease the fetal risk due to Toxoplasma gondii infection. We reported herein a case series, with variable neurological and systemic compromise (respiratory distress, hepatosplenomegaly, enterocolitis, brain calcifications, thrombocytopenia, ascites, shock), even fatal, calling for awareness about the fact that despite the Zika epidemics in 2015-2016 in Brazil, Colombia and other countries, precisely toxoplasmosis, is a differential diagnosis still prevalent in these territories, that can leds to severe consequences, with neurological disability and risk of ocular damage, even lately. Additionally, with varieties of T. gondii with more aggressive patterns in Latin America, which make worse those cases, including also a higher risk of death.

Infección al sistema nervioso por toxocara canis en Hospital Escuela Universitario, Honduras / Nervous system infection by Toxocara Canis in the University School Hospital, Honduras

La toxocariosis es una enfermedad provocada por nematodos; actualmente se cataloga una de las zoonosis prevalentes a nivel mundial, especialmente en áreas rurales, se presenta a cualquier edad de la vida. Se presenta el primer caso publicado de neurotoxocariosis canis en Honduras. Objetivo: orientar al lector sobre el comportamiento de esta enfermedad y su sospecha clínica en paciente con contacto canino. Caso clínico: paciente masculino con 14 meses de edad, en contacto con perros de su comunidad, con historia de fiebre y convulsiones; al examen físico hepatomegalia y signo Babinski (+). Laboratorialmente presentó hipereosinofilia y en estudio de imágenes edema cerebral difuso. Se realizó ELISA por Toxocara y resultó positivo, de acuerdo al resultado se sospechó toxocariosis no clásica. Conclusión: la presentación no típica de esta enfermedad es rara, la similitud de la sintomatología con otras enfermedades hace de la práctica clínica de difícil diagnóstico. Es importante tener presente esta forma no clásica de esta enfermedad...(AU)

Hallazgos de imagen en pacientes con Neurotoxoplasmosis y VIH/SIDA en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, durante el período de enero 2010 a julio 2012 / Imaging findings in patients with neurotoxoplasmosis and HIV/AIDS in Carlos Andrade Marin Hospital during the January 2010 to July 2012 period

Introducción: El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida afecta el sistema inmune de la persona, particularmente a los linfocitos T. La toxoplasmosis cerebral constituye la infección oportunista más común en pacientes con VIH-SIDA, aparece en sujetos con menos de 100 linfocitos T CD4/mm3. Ante la sospecha clínica de neurotoxoplasmosis se deben solicitar estudios de imagen como tomografía de cráneo o resonancia magnética nuclear de encéfalo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir en un grupo de pacientes los hallazgos de imagen con neurotoxoplasmosis y VIH/SIDA. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos de 27 pacientes cuyos exámenes de imagen fueron revisados conjuntamente con el contaje CD4 y las neuroimágenes (RMN), de pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH/SIDA y Toxoplasmosis, de enero 2010 a julio 2012, en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín. Resultados: Hubo predominio de varones (8:1) entre los pacientes con un contaje CD4 inferior a 100/mm3. El mayor porcentaje de lesiones en la RMN fueron grado 2, correspondientes a la clasificación de lesiones por imagen de toxoplasmosis cerebral, caracterizadas por ser lesiones ocupantes de espacio, que tienen realce y edema perilesional; con hipointensidad en T1 e hiperintensidad en T2. La mayor parte pertenecieron a la clase C3 de la clasificación CDC y hubo un predominio de grado 2, de la clasificación de neurotoxoplasmosis por imágenes. Discusión: Las imágenes de neurotoxoplasmosis demostradas con RMN en pacientes con VIH/SIDA son de mucha utilidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de esta entidad.

Abstract Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome impairs the immune system, particularly T lymphocytes. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the leading cause of opportunistic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in HIV/AIDS patients, when they have CD4+ counts fewer than 100 cells/mm3. Facing a patient with clinical suspicion of neurotoxoplasmosis, a CT scan or MRI should be asked. The aim of this paper was describing image findings of a group of HIV patients with neurotoxoplasmosis Methods: Case serie involving 27 patients whose medical records were analyzed. It includes the results of clinical exams, CD4 counts and MRI files with both diagnosis HIV/AIDS and toxoplasmosis, from January 2010 to July 2012, at Carlos Andrade Marin Hospital. Results: The study sample included more men than women (8:1). Most patients had a CD4 count fewer than 100 cells/mm3. Grade 2 lesions were frequent in the MRI, corresponding to h space-occupying lesions with enhancement and perilesional edema; showing hypointensity on T1 and hyperintensity on T2. Most of the patients were stratified as C3 class from CDC classification. Discusion: HIV/AIDS patients with a significant lower CD4 count should have a CT scan or MRI asked, in order to identify neurotoxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis: role of Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Background/aims The frequency of Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression from Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome was evaluated in Brazilian patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with and without Toxoplasmic Encephalitis. Methods 114 patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (41 with Toxoplasmic Encephalitis, 43 with anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, without Toxoplasmic Eencephalitis, and 30 without anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies circulating and without Toxoplasmic Encephalitis) were studied. Results Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, particularly HLA-B35, -DR3, and -DR1 allele group, were significantly less represented in patients with Toxoplasmic Encephalitis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Conclusion The presence of these Human Leucocyte Antigens/Alleles that predispose to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome progression was associated with resistance to Toxoplasmic Encephalitis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 carriers.